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// Constructor function for global std::string _GLOBAL__sub_I_example.cpp: stp x29, x30, [sp, -32]! mov x0, :got:globalString bl _ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_string...C1E... // std::string::string(char const*) ldr x0, :got:__dso_handle adrp x1, :got:_ZNSt7__cxx1112basic_string...D1E... add x1, x1, :lo12:_ZNSt7__cxx1112...D1E... bl __cxa_atexit // register destructor for atexit ldp x29, x30, [sp], 32 ret // .init_array entry points to this function
done: return instance_memory;
Report ID: CPP-RT-2024-01 Date: April 14, 2026 Author: Systems Software Research Division Subject: Structure, Execution Flow, and Overhead of the C++ Runtime Environment 1. Executive Summary The C++ runtime is the set of software components that support the execution of a compiled C++ program beyond the raw machine code generated by the compiler. Unlike C, which has a relatively minimal runtime, C++ requires substantial behind‑the‑scenes machinery to implement core language features: dynamic initialization of globals, exception handling, run‑time type information (RTTI), new / delete operators, and stack unwinding. This report dissects the C++ runtime into its constituent parts, traces the execution flow from _start to main and beyond, analyzes the cost of each runtime feature, and examines implementation variations across major compilers (GCC/Clang, MSVC) and operating systems. 2. Components of the C++ Runtime The C++ runtime is not monolithic. It consists of several logical layers: